By 2005, China had installed 31 primary radars, 52 secondary radars, more than 1, 000 Very High Frequency ( VHF ) communications systems, over 160 Omnidirectional Range and Distance Measurement Systems ( VOR / DMEs ), and more than 140 Instrument Landing Systems ( ILS ) ( see Distance measuring equipment ).
32.
In the absence of a radio beacon, the " holding fix " can be any fixed point in the air, and can be created using two crossing VHF omnidirectional range radials ( also called intersection ), or it can be at a specific distance from a VOR using a coupled distance measuring equipment.
33.
Lutz made an additional error by not monitoring his Distance Measuring Equipment ( DME ) as he made his approach; the CVR recorded Lutz's running narrative on nearly every move he made in the cockpit, but did not record any readout of the DME after a check, verified by Loehrer, at from runway 28.
34.
Following the development of Radar in World War II, it was deployed as a landing aid for civil aviation in the form of ground-controlled approach ( GCA ) systems, joined in 1948 by distance measuring equipment ( DME ), and in the 1950s by airport surveillance radar as an aid to air traffic control.
35.
The northern runway does not have an ILS; when it is in use, arriving aircraft use a combination of distance measuring equipment and assistance from the approach controller ( using surveillance radar ) or ( where equipped, and subject to operator approval ) an RNAV ( GNSS ) approach ( also available for the main runway ).
36.
These can only be used with properly equipped aircraft . Although IFP does not have a VOR on the field, there are three at airports nearby : Kingman VOR / DME ( distance measuring equipment ) is to the east, Needles VORTAC ( military tactical air navigational aids ) is to the south, and Goffs VORTAC is to the west.
