In the greater short-nosed fruit bat, copulation by males is dorsoventral and the females lick the shaft or the base of the male's penis, but not the glans, which has already penetrated the vagina.
32.
The lingual face of the lower incisors are most often concave while the labial face is often convex, and these lower incisors are oriented anteriorly, except in some cases for the third lower incisor, which can assume a more dorsoventral orientation.
33.
The gene network ( transcriptional and protein interactions ) governing the early development of the fruit fly embryo is one of the best understood gene networks to date, especially the patterning along the anteroposterior ( AP ) and dorsoventral ( DV ) axes ( See under morphogenesis ).
34.
These dorsoventral-oriented feathers have clearly-defined barbs and comprise at least six pairs of short ( 45 mm ) feathers to the proximal postsacral vertebrae, and another ten or eleven pairs of tail feathers with lengths up to 87 mm, which decrease in length up to the terminal vertebra.
35.
The "'epidermis "'( from the Greek " ?????????? ", meaning " over-skin " ) is a single layer of cells that covers the dorsoventral anatomy : the upper ( adaxial ) and lower ( abaxial ) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions.
36.
This phenomenon results in an architectural gear ratio, determined as longitudinal strain divided by fiber strain ( ?x / ?f ), greater than one and longitudinal velocity amplification; furthermore, this emergent velocity amplification may be augmented by variable architectural gearing via mesolateral and dorsoventral shape changes, a pattern seen in pennate muscle contractions.
37.
Rauhut ( 2004, p . 895-896 ) diagnoses " Genyodectes serus " as follows : " Differs from all theropods with the possible exception of " Ceratosaurus " in that the premaxillary teeth are arranged in an overlapping " en-echelon " pattern and the longest maxillary tooth crowns are longer apicobasally than the minimal dorsoventral depth of the mandible.
38.
Azizi " et al . " constructed a mathematical model to predict the final hypaxial fiber angle, AGR and dorsoventral height, where : ?x = longitudinal extension ratio of the segment ( portortion of final longitudinal length after contraction to initial longitudinal length ), ? = final fiber angle, ? = initial fiber angle, f = initial fiber length, and ?x and ?f = longitudinal and fiber strain respectively.
39.
To illustrate this, the guided differentiation of mouse ESCs has resulted in generating primitive streak-like cells that display many of the characteristics of epiblast cells that traverse through the primitive streak ( e . g . transient brachyury up regulation and the cellular changes associated with an Embryonic Organoids, or Gastruloids ) are able to show a number of processes of early mammalian embryo development such as symmetry-breaking, polarisation of gene expression, gastrulation-like movements, axial elongation and the generation of all three embryonic axes ( anteroposterior, dorsoventral and left-right axes ).
