Also, ITO thin films are used primarily to serve as coatings that are anti-reflective and for liquid crystal displays ( LCDs ) and electroluminescence, where the thin films are used as conducting, transparent electrodes.
32.
Pope's group also first observed direct current ( DC ) electroluminescence under vacuum on a single pure crystal of anthracene and on anthracene crystals doped with tetracene in 1963 using a small area silver electrode at 400 volts.
33.
Subject to the kind of electric input ( AC or DC ) and the type of luminescent material used ( organic, inorganic, powder, polymer, thin film, etc . ) there are several different kinds of electroluminescence.
34.
They showed that efficient electroluminescence can be generated in a vapor-deposited thin amorphous bilayer of an aromatic diamine ( TAPC ) and Alq3 sandwiched between an indium-tin-oxide ( ITO ) anode and an Mg : Ag cathode.
35.
"' Electroluminescence "'( "'EL "') is an optical phenomenon and electrical phenomenon in which a material emits light in response to the passage of an electric current or to a strong electric field.
36.
Another $ 2 million came from Planar Systems of Beaverton, Ore ., which developed the new high-resolution, lightweight display panels ( called AMEL, for active-matrix electroluminescence ) to be used in the eyeglasses of the new mobile computer.
37.
Also in 1965, W . Helfrich and W . G . Schneider of the National Research Council in Canada produced double injection recombination electroluminescence for the first time in an anthracene single crystal using hole and electron injecting electrodes, the forerunner of modern double-injection devices.
38.
Pope's group reported in 1965 that in the absence of an external electric field, the electroluminescence in anthracene crystals is caused by the recombination of a thermalized electron and hole, and that the conducting level of anthracene is higher in energy than the exciton energy level.
39.
Research into polymer electroluminescence culminated in 1990 with J . H . Burroughes " et al . " at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge reporting a high efficiency green light-emitting polymer based device using 100 nm thick films of poly ( p-phenylene vinylene ).
40.
Researchers from IRDEP ( Institute of Research and Developpement in Photovoltaic Energy ) in collaboration with Photon etc . ?were able to determine the splitting of the quasi-Fermi level with photoluminescence mapping while the electroluminescence data were used to derive the external quantum efficiency ( EQE ).
