The citation from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said they discovered that electrons acting together in strong magnetic fields can form new types of particles that carry charges that are fractions of electron charges.
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Here { m _ e } is the electron mass, { e } is the electron charge, { c } is the speed of light and { \ omega _ 0 } is the laser frequency.
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Where m _ e is the electron mass, e is the electron charge, \ epsilon _ 0 is the electric permeability, and n is the quantum number ( now known as the principal quantum number ).
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These capacitors are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface; the CCD is then used to read out these charges.
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The rate of polysilicon deposition increases rapidly with temperature, since it follows Arrhenius behavior, that is deposition rate = A�exp ( qE a / kT ) where q is electron charge and k is the Boltzmann constant.
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The colour behaviour of a substance is determined by its chemical environment, e . g . electron charge density and the relative energies of various electronic orbitals . talk ) 18 : 57, 17 December 2009 ( UTC)
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It proves that units of the electron charge and the proton at 10 " 21 ( 1970 ) and demonstrated the validity of the equivalence principle at the level of 10 " 12 ( 1971 ).
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The amazing thing about lightning is that it occurs across many orders of magnitude-microscopic voltages between individual ions accumulate ( each individual electron charge ) and result in a bulk ion concentration of thousands of coulombs of static electricity.
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In this regime conductance decreases in steps equal to the conductance quantum G _ Q = 2e ^ 2 / h which is expressed through the electron charge ( " " e " ) and Planck's constant h.
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Where " e " is the electron charge and " Z " is the atomic number of the hydrogenlike atom, ( so " Ze " is the nuclear charge of the atom ), we come to following fractional eigenvalue problem,
