A Lutex derivative, Antrin, has undergone Phase I clinical trials for the prevention of restenosis of vessels after cardiac angioplasty by photoinactivating foam cells that accumulate within arteriolar plaques.
32.
In atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages that express scavenger receptors on their plasma membrane take up the oxidized LDL deposited in the blood vessel wall aggressively, and develop into foam cells.
33.
For specialized applications, foam cells of various capacities can be included as well as foam injection systems integrated to deliver Class " A " and / or " B " foam concentrates.
34.
In animal studies it was found to have low toxicity, although in rats evidence of pulmonary phospholipidosis occurred with pulmonary foam cells developing with long-term use of very high doses.
35.
The presence of subnuclear vacuoles is often observed in MGH, whereas squamous metaplasia, stromal foam cells, mitotic activity, vimentin and MIB 1 expression are rather more often observed in adenocarcinoma.
36.
The monocytes differentiate into macrophages, which ingest oxidized LDL, slowly turning into large " foam cells " so-called because of their changed appearance resulting from the numerous internal cytoplasmic vesicles and resulting high lipid content.
37.
On the other hand, unstable plaques are rich in macrophages and foam cells, and the extracellular matrix separating the lesion from the arterial lumen ( also known as the fibrous cap ) is usually weak and prone to rupture.
38.
In vitro studies have found that the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium, along with the antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine and resveratrol, depolymerized the actin, broke the adhesions, and allowed foam cells to migrate out of the intima.
39.
If these foam cells are not able to process the oxidized LDL and recruit HDL particles to remove the fats, they grow and eventually rupture, leaving behind cellular membrane remnants, oxidized materials, and fats ( including cholesterol ) in the artery wall.
40.
When applied to human macrophage-derived foam cells " in vitro ", the dietary supplement berberine inhibits the expression of the ORL1 gene in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but this has not yet been demonstrated in a living animal or human.
