Even when the local structure and bonding of an ionic solid is disrupted sufficiently to melt it, there are still strong long-range electrostatic forces of attraction holding the liquid together and preventing ions boiling to form a gas phase.
32.
"Encyclopedia Britannica " very simply defines weight as " "' [ the ] gravitational force of attraction on an object, caused by the presence of a massive second object, such as the Earth or Moon . " "'
33.
The van der Waals forces arise from interaction between uncharged atoms or molecules, leading not only to such phenomena as the cohesion of condensed phases and physical adsorption of gases, but also to a universal force of attraction between macroscopic bodies.
34.
The forces of Attraction and Repulsion that are supposed to act " upon " matter to set it in motion, then, are not seen also to be the very forces though which matter itself comes into being in the first place.
35.
For example, if a system is " bound " by attractive forces, and the energy gained due to the forces of attraction in excess of the work done is removed from the system, then mass is lost with this removed energy.
36.
Earnshaw's theorem holds that a charged particle suspended in an electrostatic field is unstable, because the forces of attraction and repulsion vary at an equal rate that is proportional to the inverse square law and remain in balance wherever a particle moves.
37.
If there are surface asperities, or protuberances, that result in a greater total area of contact between two particles or between a particle and a wall, this increases the van der Waals force of attraction as well as the tendency for mechanical interlocking.
38.
Ionic iodides MI " n " tend to have the lowest melting and boiling points among the halides MX " n " of the same element, because the electrostatic forces of attraction between the cations and anions are weakest for the large iodide anion.
39.
Maxwell commented on Kelvin s suggestion of different energy modes of the particles that this implies the gravitational particles are not simple primitive entities, but rather systems, with their own internal energy modes, which must be held together by ( unexplained ) forces of attraction.
40.
*" Therefore, although the color of each quark is always changing, a bound hadron will constantly retain a set of colors that will preserve the force of attraction, therefore forever disallowing quarks to exist in isolation "-current ref . 67, S . Webb ( 2004 ).
