This means that Maslow's description of human needs was the first description of the framing effect bias in human behaviour, this means that human needs are actually observed as in separate mental accounts ( see mental accounting ).
32.
For example, innumeracy distorts risk perception towards health decisions " Greater numeracy has been associated with reduced susceptibility to framing effects, less influence of nonnumerical information such as mood states, and greater sensitivity to different levels of numerical risk ".
33.
The main observation of CPT ( and its predecessor Prospect Theory ) is that people tend to think of possible outcomes usually relative to a certain reference point ( often the status quo ) rather than to the final status, a phenomenon which is called framing effect.
34.
By operationalizing accessibility as the response latency of respondent answers where more accessible information results in faster response times, Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley demonstrated that accessibility accounted for only a minor proportion of the variance in framing effects while applicability accounted for the major proportion of variance.
35.
The frames can be colored as a function of the actual image or as a solid color, a few frame effects are available ( Shadow, 3D frame, Smoothed 3D, Fade out, Oval, Background highlighting, and Background shadow ), and the size of frames can be controlled.
36.
Framing might also be understood as being either " equivalence frames ", which represent logically equivalent alternatives portrayed in different ways ( see framing effect ) or as " emphasis frames ", which simplify reality by focusing on a subset of relevant aspects of a situation or issue.
37.
In practice however, the stage in the Teatro Olimpico runs from one edge of the seating area to the other, and only a very limited framing effect is created by the coffered ceiling over the stage and by the partition walls at the corners of the stage where the seating area abuts the floorboards.
38.
For instance, Iyengar suggested that news about social problems can influence attributions of causal and treatment responsibility, an effect observed in both cognitive responses and evaluations of political leaders, or other scholars looked at the framing effects on receivers'evaluative processing style and the complexity of audience members'thoughts about issues.
39.
In this case, 78 % of participants chose option A while only 22 % chose option B . This demonstrates the typical risk-aversion phenomenon in prospect theory and framing effect because the expected value of option B ( $ 45x0.8 = $ 36 ) exceeds that of A by 20 %.
40.
The meaning of these is that \ alpha _ 1, \ alpha _ 2 and \ alpha _ 3 measure the extent of preferred frame effects . \ zeta _ 1, \ zeta _ 2, \ zeta _ 3, \ zeta _ 4 and \ alpha _ 3 measure the failure of conservation of energy, momentum and angular momentum.
