Defensive armament-armour at first included the gambeson, then developed into the brigandine and scale armour, followed by hauberk, and then mail with some plate elements, such as breastplates and brassards, and finally panoply, which by the end of 16th century gained its perfect form, protecting the whole of a knight's body, and sometimes his horse.
32.
The texture of the cloth is believed to have superficially resembled a hauberk ( chain mail ) due to the pattern of horizontal rows, known as a'broken diamond'or'broken lozenge'twill, which has been excavated from peat bogs dating back to the 4th century A . D . Made of worsted yarn, the pattern is not obliterated by heavy pounding.
33.
This suggests that the estimated date of 1150 is incorrect as by the 12th century kite shields already began to lose their rounded tops and bosses ( but not entirely until the 13th century approx . ), maille hauberks shortened to knee or thigh length and helmets soon evolved into kalotas ( early great helm ) by losing their conical tops and eventually harnessing faceplates instead of noseguards.
34.
The latter portion of the 14th century saw the cuirass gradually come into general use in connection with plate armour for the limbs until, at the close of the century, Black Prince, in his effigy in Canterbury Cathedral, 1376, intimates that a cuirass ( as well as a hauberk ) is to be considered to have been covered by the royalty-emblazoned jupon of the Prince.
35.
The fully armoured Viking raider would wear an iron helmet and a maille hauberk, and fight with a combination of axe, sword, shield, spear or great " Danish " two-handed axe, although the typical raider would be unarmoured, carrying only a bow and arrows, a knife " seax ", a shield and spear; the swords and the axes were much less common.
36.
Arranged near the bodies were two helmets and knee-length chain mail ( hauberks ), probably extracted from the pyre, as well as a cauldron with ram bones, two sacerdotal knives, two golden Byzantine coins, an imported sabre, a miniature dark-red bronze idol of Thor, and two silver-bound aurochs horns decorated with floral motifs, fabulous animals, and figures of a man and a woman shooting at a bird.
37.
In the " Magna Carta " of 1215 ( The Great Charter ) with the seal of King John, put before him by the Barons of England, King John agreed in Clause 35 " There shall be one measure of wine throughout our whole realm, and one measure of ale and one measure of corn namely, the London quart; and one width of dyed and russet and hauberk cloths namely, two ells below the selvage . . ."
38.
They owe more to William Morris and his Huns and Romans, as in " The House of the Wolfings " or " The Roots of the Mountains " . " Among the numerous parallels with " The Lord of the Rings ", Morris has Old English-style placenames such as Mirkwood ( p . 2 ), germanic personal names such as Thiodolf ( p . 8 ), and dwarves as skilled smiths ( " How the Dwarf-wrought Hauberk was Brought away from the Hall of the Daylings ", p . 97 ).
