In 1993, he and Dan Branton initiated a research collaboration with John Kasianowitz at NIST to explore this possibility with the hemolysin channel, and in 1996 published the first paper demonstrating that nanopore sequencing may be feasible.
32.
Mark Akeson joined the research effort in 1997, and in 1999 published a paper showing that the hemolysin channel, now referred to as a nanopore, could distinguish between purine and pyrimidine bases in single RNA molecules.
33.
In particular, the problem is that when an exonuclease hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in DNA, the subsequently released nucleotide is not necessarily guaranteed to directly move in to, say, a nearby alpha-hemolysin nanopore.
34.
While modification of large protein channels using mutagenesis are generally considered out of the scope of " synthetic " channels, the demarcation is not sharp, as supramolecular or covalent bonding of cyclodextrins to alpha-hemolysin demonstrates.
35.
The regulation of the production of hemolysin in " S . aureus " ( expression of hemolysin ) is now possible due to " in-vitro " mutations that are related to serine / threonine kinase and phosphatase.
36.
The regulation of the production of hemolysin in " S . aureus " ( expression of hemolysin ) is now possible due to " in-vitro " mutations that are related to serine / threonine kinase and phosphatase.
37.
The researchers found that a subset which encoded the gene for the cryptic serine protease SepA, previously described in " Shigella ", and lacking the transcriptional regulator of hemolysin expression, " rmoA " were associated with virulence.
38.
The passage of RNA or single-stranded DNA molecules through the membrane-embedded alpha-hemolysin channel ( 1.5 nm diameter ), for example, causes a ~ 90 % blockage of the current ( measured at 1 M KCl solution ).
39.
Not only are the erythrocytes affected by hemolysins, but there are also some effects among other blood cells, such as leucocytes ( white blood cells ) . " Escherichia coli " hemolysin is potentially cytotoxic to monocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages, leading them to autolysis and death.
40.
Not only are the erythrocytes affected by hemolysins, but there are also some effects among other blood cells, such as leucocytes ( white blood cells ) . " Escherichia coli " hemolysin is potentially cytotoxic to monocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages, leading them to autolysis and death.
