Hordenine has been found to be a potent stimulant of gastrin release in the rat, being essentially equipotent with N-methyltyramine : 83 nM / kg of hordenine ( corresponding to ~ 14 mg / kg of the free base ) enhancing gastrin release by ~ 60 %.
32.
Hordenine has been found to be a potent stimulant of gastrin release in the rat, being essentially equipotent with N-methyltyramine : 83 nM / kg of hordenine ( corresponding to ~ 14 mg / kg of the free base ) enhancing gastrin release by ~ 60 %.
33.
Although hordenine is capable of reacting with nitrosating agents ( e . g . nitrite ion, NO 2 " ) to form the carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine ( NDMA ), and was investigated as a possible precursor for the significant amounts of NDMA once found in beer,
34.
While it does not contain mescaline like many other North American cactus species ( such as peyote ), it has been found to contain other centrally active substances, such as " N "-methyltyramine and hordenine, albeit in doses too small to be active.
35.
This synthesis began with " p "-methoxy-phenylethyl alcohol, which was simultaneously " O "-demethylated and converted to the iodide by heating with HI; the resulting p-hydroxy-phenylethyl iodide was then heated with dimethylamine to give hordenine.
36.
In a subsequent paper, Camus reported that the i . v . administration of some hundreds of mg of hordenine sulfate to dogs or rabbits caused an increase in blood pressure and changes in the rhythm and force of contraction of the heart, noting also that the drug was not orally active.
37.
In Mexico, Aztekium ritterii it is called Peyotillo . However, even though it contains " N "-methyltyramine, hordenine, anhalidine, mescaline, pellotine, and 3-methoxytyramine, there have been no ethnobotanical reports that state that it has ever been used by native Indians.
38.
More modern studies were carried out by Frank and co-workers, who reported that i . v . administration of 2 mg / kg of hordenine to horses produced substantial respiratory distress, increased the rate of respiration by 250 %, doubled the heart rate, and caused sweating without changes in basal body temperature or behavior.
39.
In a study of the effects of a large number of compounds on a rat trace amine receptor ( rTAR1 ) expressed in HEK 293 cells, it was found that hordenine, at a concentration of 1 ?M, had almost identical potency to that of the same concentration of ?-phenethylamine in stimulating cAMP production through the rTAR1.
40.
Chemically, hordenine is the " N "-methyl " N "-methyltyramine, and the " N ", " N "-dimethyl derivative of the well-known biogenic amine tyramine, from which it is biosynthetically derived and with which it shares some pharmacological properties ( see below ).
