This area includes the jugular and hypoglossal canal and the foramen lacerum ( through which the internal carotid artery passes superiorly across ).
32.
Nearby structures include the internal jugular vein, internal carotid artery, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve and hypoglossal nerve.
33.
At that time he called the Duke conclusions based on size comparisons of the hypoglossal canal " a very promising approach ."
34.
Signals from muscle spindles on the tongue travel through the hypoglossal nerve, moving onto the lingual nerve which synapses on the mesencephalic nucleus.
35.
Note that the thyrohyoid muscle, which is also an infrahyoid muscle, is innervated by cervical spinal nerve 1 via the hypoglossal nerve.
36.
At the base of the skull the glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves lie between the artery and the internal jugular vein.
37.
It occurred to the scientists that the size of the hypoglossal canal might serve as an index of the vocal abilities of modern and early humans.
38.
The genioglossus is often used as a proxy to test the function of the hypoglossal nerve, by asking a patient to stick out their tongue.
39.
Their axons project down to the bulbar / spinal motor systems, such as the hypoglossal nucleus which harbors the motor neurons of the tongue muscles.
40.
The lower sternocleidomastoid branch passes inferio-external to the hypoglossal nerve before descending into the substance of the muscle to which its name is derived.
