Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid muscle lay several important structures ( from upper to lower ) : sublingual gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve.
32.
Both neural pathways in the song system begin at the level of HVC to RA, and then from RA to the tracheosyringeal part of the hypoglossal nerve ( nXIIts ), which then controls muscular contractions of the syrinx.
33.
The vena comitans of the hypoglossal nerve ( "'ranine vein "'), a branch of considerable size, begins below the tip of the tongue, and may join the lingual; generally, however, it passes backward on the hyoglossus, and joins the common facial.
34.
Babysitter procedureIf facial paralysis lasts between 6 months and 2 years, the " babysitter " procedure may be used . ( Algorithm 1 ) For example, the hypoglossal nerve or masseteric nerve on the affected side can be used as donor nerves.
35.
Cranial nerves that control the muscles relevant to dysarthria include the trigeminal nerve's motor branch ( V ), the facial nerve ( VII ), the glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ), the vagus nerve ( X ), and the hypoglossal nerve ( XII ).
36.
However, as seen in the picture, the deep lingual artery passes inferior to the hyoglossus ( the cut muscle on the bottom ) while the lingual nerve ( not pictured ) passes superior to it ( for a comparison, the hypoglossal nerve, pictured, passes superior to the hyoglossus ).
37.
Apart from his developed foot amputation techniques, several anatomical structures were named after him, such as the Pirogoff angle; the Pirogoff aponeurosis, a structure from fascia and the aponeurosis of the biceps; the Pirogoff triangle, a triangular area located between the mylohyoid muscle, the intermediate tendon of the musculus digastricus and the hypoglossal nerve.
38.
"' Perihypoglossal nuclei "'( " nuclei perihypoglossales " ), called also "'perihypoglossal complex "'or "'perihypoglossal nuclear complex "'or "'satellite nuclei "'is a group of nerve cells in the floor of the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve in the gray substance of the medulla oblongata, all of which contain cells with characteristics suggestive of reticular connections.
39.
It then curves downward and forward, forming a loop which is crossed by the hypoglossal nerve, and passing beneath the Digastricus and Stylohyoideus it runs horizontally forward, beneath the Hyoglossus, and finally, ascending almost perpendicularly to the tongue, turns forward on its lower surface as far as the tip, under the name of the deep lingual artery ( profunda linguae ).
40.
This vessel lies here in front of, and superficial to, the external carotid, being crossed by the facial nerve, and gives off in its course the posterior auricular, superficial temporal, and internal maxillary branches : more deeply are the internal carotid, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve, separated from the external carotid by the Styloglossus and Stylopharyngeus, and the hypoglossal nerve
