If the fraction { n _ 2 } / { n _ 1 } is greater than 1, then arcsine is not defined meaning that total internal reflection does not occur even at very shallow or grazing incident angles.
32.
An alternative form of the cat's eye retroreflector uses a normal lens focused onto a curved mirror rather than a transparent sphere, though this type is much more limited in the range of incident angles that it retroreflects.
33.
This is caused by differing drive shaft lengths which in turn results in different incident angles at the joints of the driveshaft . The farther these joints are articulate, the less effective they are at delivering torque to the wheels.
34.
Angle-sensitive pixels have a sensitivity to light that is sinusoidal in incident angle along the optically-sensitive axis, which can be interpreted as measuring one component of the 2D Fourier transform of the far-away scene.
35.
They do not require any focusing elements to achieve sinusoidal incident angle sensitivity, meaning that they can be deployed without a lens to image the near field, or the far field using a Fourier-complete planar Fourier capture array.
36.
In the interpretation of GISAXS images some complication arises in the scattering from low-Z films e . g . organic materials on silicon wafers, when the incident angle is in between the critical angles of the film and the substrate.
37.
MIT computer simulations by Fung along with lab experiments are designing a metamaterial with a multilayer sawtooth structure that slows and absorbs light over a wide range of wavelength frequencies, and at a wide range of incident angles, at 95 % efficiency.
38.
According to the moire effect, if light acted as a particle, at certain incident angles the gaps in the diffraction and analyzer gratings line up, while at other incident angles light passed by the diffraction grating is blocked by the analyzer grating.
39.
According to the moire effect, if light acted as a particle, at certain incident angles the gaps in the diffraction and analyzer gratings line up, while at other incident angles light passed by the diffraction grating is blocked by the analyzer grating.
40.
Low-loss hollow-core waveguide are made with high contrast gratings with high reflectivity at oblique incident angle . and optical switch can be built on the hollow-core waveguide by using the special phase response and resonance property of high contrast grating.
