Burgin discusses this topic using the terms " algorithm ", " Turing machine ", " inductive inference ", " recursive function ", etc ., etc ., and thus almost any of those Wikipedia articles might be targeted.
32.
Deductive inference reaches a conclusion that is true based on whether a given a set of premises preceding the conclusion are also true, whereas, inductive inference goes beyond information given in a set of premises to base the conclusion on provoked reflection.
33.
Hypothesis testing ( and Type I / II errors ) was devised by Neyman and Pearson as a more objective alternative to Fisher's p-value, also meant to determine researcher behaviour, but without requiring any inductive inference by the researcher.
34.
For example, in section 6.14, it sets out to prove Time exists, acknowledges the difficulty in proving Time exists by Pramana ( epistemology in Indian philosophy ), then inserts a theory of inductive inference for epistemological proof as follows,
35.
Algorithmic probability is the main ingredient of Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference, the theory of prediction based on observations; it was invented with the goal of using it for machine learning; given a sequence of symbols, which one will come next?
36.
Firstly, speaking in broader context in " How to Make Our Ideas Clear " ( 1878 ), Peirce outlined an objectively verifiable method to test the truth of putative knowledge on a way that goes beyond mere foundational alternatives, focusing upon both inductive inference.
37.
Although he is best known for algorithmic probability and his general theory of inductive inference, he made many other important discoveries throughout his life, most of them directed toward his goal in artificial intelligence : to develop a machine that could solve hard problems using probabilistic methods.
38.
Whewell proposed recognition of " the peculiar import of the term " Induction " ", as " there is some Conception " superinduced " upon the facts ", that is, " the Invention of a new Conception in every inductive inference ".
39.
Ronald Fisher began his life in statistics as a Bayesian ( Zabell 1992 ), but Fisher soon grew disenchanted with the subjectivity involved ( namely use of the principle of indifference when determining prior probabilities ), and sought to provide a more " objective " approach to inductive inference.
40.
Duns Scotus however argued that inductive inference from a finite number of particulars to a universal generalization was justified by " a proposition reposing in the soul,'Whatever occurs in a great many instances by a cause that is not free, is the natural effect of that cause.
