Paul Griffiths, in " What is Innateness ? ", argues that innateness is too confusing a concept to be fruitfully employed as it confuses " empirically dissociated " concepts.
32.
An approachable summary of this work is Elman, et al .'s 1996 book " Rethinking Innateness " ( see also : Shrager and Johnson; Quartz and Sejnowski ).
33.
The assumptions underlying the nativist view have also been criticised in Jeffrey Elman's " Rethinking Innateness : A Connectionist Perspective on Development ", which defends the connectionist approach that Pinker attacked.
34.
Common criticisms of this innateness thesis include that the infant has already acquired enough experience of non-teleporting objects to justify its surprise, and that teleporting objects are attention-grabbing for reasons other than expectancy violation.
35.
The following account of neural networks is summarized from " Rethinking Innateness : A Connectionist Perspective on Development " by Elman et al . ( 1996 ) . Figure 1 : A three-layer artificial neural network
36.
The two books best known for espousing the empiricist and nativist positions within the context of cognitive psychology are " Rethinking Innateness " by Jeffrey Elman et al . and " The Modularity of Mind " by Jerry Fodor, respectively.
37.
Competing explanations have to contend with questions, not yet finalized, of innateness of horizontal / vertical superiority, of body symmetry in anatomical organization, of methodology of measurement, and particularly, of issues associated with perceptual development in infants and children, and across cultures.
38.
In 1996, he co-authored ( with Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Elizabeth Bates, Mark H . Johnson, Domenico Parisi, and Kim Plunkett ), the book " Rethinking Innateness ", which argues against a strong nativist ( innate ) view of development.
39.
In the area of language acquisition, for example, some ( such as Steven Pinker ) have argued that specific information containing universal grammatical rules must be contained in the genes, whereas others ( such as Jeffrey Elman and colleagues in Rethinking Innateness ) have argued that Pinker's claims are biologically unrealistic.
40.
Resisting the orders and those who dictate, but also the dominated and defeated; the gods, the myths, the mimicry and consensus, but to some instance of resisting to destiny itself, to all the established and pre-established destinies, even that off innateness and the indecipherable meaning of life?
