Semi-integer spin particles change the sign of their wave function upon a 360 degree rotation ( see more in spin statistics theorem ).
32.
All particles have either integer spin or half-integer spin ( in units of the reduced Planck constant "' " ).
33.
All particles have either integer spin or half-integer spin ( in units of the reduced Planck constant "' " ).
34.
The treatment of identical particles is very different for bosons ( particles with integer spin ) versus fermions ( particles with half-integer spin ).
35.
The treatment of identical particles is very different for bosons ( particles with integer spin ) versus fermions ( particles with half-integer spin ).
36.
Similarly, for every known boson with a whole-integer spin, there would be a bosonic partner with a half-integral spin, like a fermion.
37.
The modern view on this is that photons are, by virtue of their integer spin, bosons ( as opposed to fermions with half-integer spin ).
38.
The modern view on this is that photons are, by virtue of their integer spin, bosons ( as opposed to fermions with half-integer spin ).
39.
It is found that the particles that obey Bose Einstein statistics are the ones which have integer spins, which are therefore called bosons ( named after Bose ).
40.
In 1940, Pauli proved the " spin-statistics theorem ", which states that fermions have half-integer spin and bosons have integer spin.
