The disposition of the Veiki moraines reflects the last glacier movements before an ice sheet retreats, and their final form is given by the melting of dead-ice and the development and sedimentation of glacial lagoons between dead-ice cored rims during interstadial periods.
32.
The upper part of the Saalian sediments, which lie uncomfortably on the eroded surface of the lower Saalian ice complex deposits, consists of well-sorted fine-grained sand that contains pollen characteristic of sparse grass-sedge dominated interstadial vegetation and less ground ice.
33.
Sporormiella records from a sediment core recovered from Appleman Lake, Indiana show a pronounced decline in megafaunal populations during the B�lling Aller�d interstadial from 14.8 to 13.7 cal ka BP . Once again, this decline precedes the extinction for many taxa, indicating a population collapse well before the extinction event.
34.
During the Middle Weichselian ( MIS 3 ), under temperate interstadial climatic conditions, we see in the lithic assemblages of the TL-R-Site, the TL-GF-Site and the WFL-Site at Veldwezelt-Hezerwater the presence of in general very large Levallois products in association with large Quina tools . right
35.
The isotopic temperature records show 23 interstadial events correlateable between the GRIP and GISP2 records between 110 and 15 kyr B . P . Ice in both cores below 2790 m depth ( records prior to 110 kyr B . P . ) shows evidence of folding or tilting in structures too large to be fully observed in a single core.
36.
The Last Glacial Maximum was followed by the Aller�d oscillation, a warm and moist global interstadial that occurred around 11, 500 BC to 10, 800 BC . Then there was a very rapid onset, perhaps within as little as a decade, of the cold and dry Younger Dryas climate period, giving sub-arctic conditions to much of northern Europe.
37.
This area, referred to as the Toronto Brickyard, was designated as an earth science Area of Natural and Scientific Interest ( ANSI ) by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources in 2009 for exhibiting Ordovician Georgian Bay Formation, Illinoian Glacial York Till, Sangamonian Interglacial Don Formation and Wisconsian Glacial Scarborough delta, Pottery Road sediments and Sunnybrook Till all overlain by North Bay Interstadial, Lake Iroquois sands .
38.
In the Bergen area the coast was first deglaciated at 12, 600 B . P ., with a succeeding re-advance into the North Sea around 12, 200 B . P . Later, during the Aller�d, the inland ice retreated at least 50 km, but nearly reached the sea again during the Younger Dryas re-advance, ending at 10, 000 B . P . Sunnm�re was ice-free during an interstadial 28, 000 38, 000 B . P . Later the inland ice reached the sea.
39.
The peak period of iceberg discharge for AID6 is synchronous with the onset of the B�lling interstadial in the Northern Hemisphere meltwater pulse 1A . Weber and others estimated that the flux of icebergs from Antarctica during AID6 contributed a substantial ( at least 50 % ) to the global mean sea-level rise that occurred during meltwater pulse 1A . These icebergs came from the widespread retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet at this time, including from the Mac Robertson Land region of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet; the Ross Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet; and the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet.
40.
The extinction does not coincide with the end of the last ice age, but does coincide with a minor yet severe climatic reversal that lasted for about 1, 000 & ndash; 1, 250 years, the Younger Dryas ( GS1 Greenland Stadial 1 ), characterized by glacial readvances and severe cooling globally, a brief interlude in the continuing warming subsequent to the termination of the last major ice age ( GS2 ), thought to have been due to a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation in the ocean due to huge influxes of cold fresh water from the preceding sustained glacial melting during the warmer Interstadial ( GI1 Greenland Interstadial 1 : ca . 16, 000 11, 450 14 C years B . P . ).
