Other parafunctional habits such as pen chewing, lip and cheek biting ( which may manifest as morsicatio buccarum or linea alba ), are also suggested to contribute to the development of TMD . Other parafunctional activities might include jaw thrusting, excessive gum chewing, nail biting and eating very hard foods.
32.
From the point of attachment of the latter to the pectineal line, a few fibers pass upward and medialward, behind the medial crus of the superficial inguinal ring, to the linea alba; they diverge as they ascend, and form a thin triangular fibrous band which is called the reflected inguinal ligament.
33.
Throughout the rest of its extent the aponeurosis passes horizontally to the middle line, and is inserted into the linea alba; its upper three-fourths lie behind the rectus muscle and blend with the posterior lamella of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique; its lower fourth is in front of the rectus abdominis.
34.
His Latin description reads : " [ Anas ] macula alarum viridi, linea alba supra infraque oculos " " a duck with green speculum, a white line above and below the eyes " and his primary reference was the bird's description in his earlier work " Fauna Svecica ".
35.
Nonkeratinized epithelium may, however, readily transform into a keratinizing type in response to frictional or chemical trauma, in which case it undergoes hyperkeratinization . This change to hyperkeratinization commonly occurs on the usually nonkeratinized buccal mucosa when the linea alba forms, a white ridge of calloused tissue that extends horizontally at the level where the maxillary and mandibular teeth come together and occlude.
