Carr ( 1995 : 11 ) characterizes �i as " a doubly exceptional logograph "; it is an ideograph " character representing an idea " ( which is an infrequent type of logograph " character representing a word ", see Chinese character classification ), and it is a " kokuji " �VW [ " national character; Japanese-made character " ( rather than a typical " kanji " " oW [ " Chinese character " loanword ).
32.
However, Chinese characters are probably an independent invention, because there is no evidence of contact between China and the literate civilizations of the Near East, and because of the distinct differences between the Mesopotamian and Chinese approaches to Archaeology Magazine " reported that the earliest Egyptian glyphs date back to 3400 BC, which " challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs, pictographic symbols representing a specific place, object, or quantity, first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia ."
33.
"Lugal " ( Sumerogram is a ligature of two signs : " ��?" meaning " big " or " great " while " ��?" means " man "; a Sumerian language title translated into the English language as either " king " or " ruler " ) was one of the three titles that a ruler of a Sumerian city-state could bear ( alongside both : " EN " and " �ns?", the exact difference being a subject of debate . ) The sign for " lugal " eventually became the predominant logograph for " king " in general.
34.
The " ABC Dictionary " has nine Appendices : I . Basic Rules for Hanyu Pinyin Orthography [ promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988 ]; II . Historical Chronology [ from the Shang Dynasty c . 1700-1045 BC to the radicals used in dictionaries like the " Xinhua Zidian " ], High Frequency CASS Radicals, Simplified / Traditional Radical Conversion Table, CASS Radical Chart, CASS Radical Index [ for users who want to look up a Chinese logograph's pronunciation, listing the 5, 425 characters appearing in the dictionary ] ( 1996 : 835-897 ).
35.
If you don't mind, can you please ask Daniels what he thinks ( even if it's just an educated guess ) of Battestini's ( 2000 ) claim that " some [ nsibidi symbols ] are iconic and logographic, simply saying what they mean, either a proverb ( the tortoise ) or a text ( the fish ), which may be explained to the novice . ", and Elphinstone Dayrell's ( 1911 ) labelling of nsibidi symbols like " Nsibidi name written "; a label for a symbol simply named " Okereuki " ( this was under a section he called Inde, probably an Igbo sub group; " Okereuki " is very likely the Igbo name Okereke, but I'll leave that to the author ), the labelling of abstract glyphs with'native'names like the bunch of bananas'Etak Nta�a'; " The'Nsibidi sign for welcome "; J . K . Macgregor's note on another name which was made up of two corrupted Latin letters and one generic nsibidi sign; and just the general use of logographs among all the ideograms.
