Alpha-2-macroglobulin may act as a carrier protein because it also binds to numerous growth factors and cytokines, such as platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, TGF-?, insulin, and IL-1?.
32.
The SteatoTest combines alpha2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, apolipoprotein A1, total bilirubin, Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase ( GGT ), fasting glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and alanine transaminase ( ALT ), with parameters adjusted for patient s age, gender, weight and height.
33.
Two additional events occur as a consequence of bait region cleavage, namely ( i ) a h-cysteinyl-g-glutamyl thiol ester of the ?2-macroglobulin becomes highly reactive and ( ii ) a major conformational change exposes a conserved COOH-terminal receptor binding domain.
34.
Placental alpha macroglobulin-1 ( PAMG-1 ) has been the subject of over 20 clinical investigations, the majority of which have focused on the antigen s ability to detect premature rupture of the fetal membranes ( ROM ) in non-laboring pregnant women presenting with unexplainable vaginal leakage.
35.
Two unrelated cell-surface proteins have been designated as IGFBP-3 receptors : low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 ( LRP1 ), also known as alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor or type V TGF? receptor and the transmembrane protein TMEM219 . Both are believed to mediate antiproliferative effects.
36.
"In vivo " preliminary investigations indicated the ability of the system to effectively remove bilirubin, biliary salts, free fatty acids and tryptophan while important physiological proteins such as albumin, alpha-1-glicoproteine, alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, transferrin, globulin tyrosine, and hormonal systems are unaffected.
37.
Further research in 2013 outlined the various types of assays that could be used to determine which antibodies were involved in PNP . Demonstration of certain antibodies in the serum was named as the basis for diagnosis of PNP . This piece labeled PNP as a " multiorgan disease characterized by antibodies against plakins, desmogleins and the ?2-macroglobulin-like-1 ( A2ML1 ) protein, in association with an underlying neoplasm ".
