The demonstration that the phase transition is second order, that it reproduces the Meissner effect and the calculations of specific heats and penetration depths appeared in the December 1957 article, " Theory of superconductivity ".
32.
The next important step in understanding superconductivity occurred in 1933, when Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered that superconductors expelled applied magnetic fields, a phenomenon that has come to be known as the Meissner effect.
33.
In real superconductors, all magnetic flux is expelled during the phase transition to superconductivity ( the Meissner effect ), and the magnetic field is " always " zero within the bulk of the superconductor.
34.
A superconductive Faraday cage would probably exclude the magnetic field right down to DC ( see the Meissner effect ), but non-superconductors must have a practical lower limit ( combined with an attenuation factor ).
35.
"' Superconductivity "'is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of electrical resistance and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field ( the Meissner effect ).
36.
Superconductors also exhibit a separate inherently quantum mechanical phenomenon called the Meissner effect in which any magnetic field lines present in the material when it becomes superconducting are expelled, thus the magnetic field in a superconductor is always zero.
37.
Superconductors may be considered "'perfect diamagnets "', and completely expel magnetic fields due to the Meissner effect when the superconductivity initially forms; thus superconducting levitation can be considered a particular instance of diamagnetic levitation.
38.
Superconductors on the other hand under go a state transition which causes something called the " Meissner effect " the expulsion of all fields inside the material-which can't be explained by Maxwell's equations alone.
39.
The Meissner effect is distinct from this : when an ordinary conductor is cooled so that it makes the transition to a superconducting state in the presence of a constant applied magnetic field, the magnetic flux is expelled during the transition.
40.
It was identified in 1933, by Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld, but it is considered distinct from the Meissner effect which occurs when the superconductivity first forms, and involves the exclusion of magnetic fields that already penetrate the object.
