Non-viral methods include physical methods such as electroporation, microinjection, gene gun, impalefection, hydrostatic pressure, continuous infusion, and sonication and chemical, such as lipofection.
32.
Prior to the production of Polly and Molly, the only demonstrated way to make a transgenic animal was by microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of fertilized oocytes ( eggs ).
33.
To initiate parthenogenesis of swine oocytes, various methods exist to induce an artificial activation that mimics sperm entry, such as calcium ionophore treatment, microinjection of calcium ions, or electrical stimulation.
34.
Microinjection can also be used in the cloning of organisms, in the study of cell biology and viruses, and for treating male subfertility through intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI, " " ).
35.
For this purpose, specific cells were ablated by microinjection with Pronase ( an enzyme that digests proteins ) to ablate the cell; later modifications of this technique employed DNase or the ricin A chain.
36.
In contrast to the study above, another group of researchers found that microinjection of SP into the RVM resulted in transient thermal hyperalgesia, which persisted long-term when continuous infusion pumps were implanted.
37.
The construct can be inserted in the plant genome by genetic recombination using the bacteria " Agrobacterium tumefaciens " or " A . rhizogenes ", or by direct methods like the gene gun or microinjection.
38.
Furthermore, it is important to note that phalloidin-treated cells will have greater levels of actin associated with their plasma membranes, and the microinjection of phalloidin into living cells will change actin distribution as well as cell motility.
39.
As the aim of such research is to produce an animal that expresses a particular protein in high levels in, for example, its milk, microinjection is a very costly procedure that does not usually produce the desired animal.
40.
Cells with impaired function of Ndc80 ( using RNAi, gene knockout, or antibody microinjection ) have abnormally long spindles, lack of tension between sister kinetochores, chromosomes unable to congregate at the metaphase plate and few or any associated kMTs.
