Sneezing is usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa, but can more rarely be caused by sudden exposure to bright light ( called the photic sneeze reflex ) or touching the external auditory canal.
32.
However, this may not be a requirement for symptoms to occur as has been seen in asthmatics with normal IgE levels in their blood-recent research has shown that IgE production can occur locally in the nasal mucosa.
33.
Yet another set of divisions from the pterygopalatine ganglion are the posterior, superior, and inferior lateral nasal nerves; and the nasopalatine nerves ( all branches of CN V 2, maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve ) that bring parasympathetic to glands of the nasal mucosa.
34.
It is also expressed in epithelium of the small intestine and large intestine for uptake and in small amounts in the bile duct, nasal mucosa, kidney, adrenal cortex, epithelium of the gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia, gallbladder, intercalated ducts of the pancreas, chief cells of the parathyroid and the corpus luteum of the ovary ( at protein level ).
35.
Sapundzhiev, N ., & Werner, J . A . ( 2003 ) found that the chronic " abuse [ of nasal sniffing of dry snuff ] leads to morphological and functional changes in the nasal mucosa; " but, although dry nasal snuff " contains many substances that are potentially carcinogenic, there is no epidemiological evidence for increased incidence of local malignancies in habitual snuff users ."
