Like neutral mutations, weakly selected advantageous mutations can be lost due to random genetic drift, but strongly selected advantageous mutations are more likely to be fixed.
32.
This definition of neutral mutation has been criticized due to the fact that very large effective population sizes can make mutations with small selection coefficients appear non neutral.
33.
By quantifying these neutral mutations in protein and / or DNA and comparing them between species or other groups of interest, rates of divergence can be determined.
34.
For many molecular biology approaches, as opposed to mathematical genetics, neutral mutations are generally assumed to be those mutations which cause no appreciable effect on gene function.
35.
The neutral mutation rate is affected by the amount of neutral sites in a protein or DNA sequence versus the amount of mutation in sites that are functionally constrained.
36.
If there are no beneficial mutations, then \ operatorname { Mut } ( f, r, s, t ) is equal to a random neutral mutation.
37.
Most population geneticists ( including Hubby and Lewontin ) rejected the possibility of widespread neutral mutations; explanations that did not involve selection were anathema to mainstream evolutionary biology.
38.
For example, while disadvantageous mutations are usually eliminated quickly in large populations, new advantageous mutations are almost as vulnerable to loss through genetic drift as are neutral mutations.
39.
The species abundance distribution for this urn process is given by Ewens's sampling formula which was originally derived in 1972 for the distribution of allele under neutral mutations.
40.
In light of the similarity to biology, r \, itself is required to be available as a mutation, so there will always be at least one neutral mutation.
