Ricardo's labor theory of value is not a normative theory, as are some later forms of the labor theory, such as claims that it is " immoral " for an individual to be paid less for his labor than the total revenue that comes from the sales of all the goods he produces.
32.
As a normative theory, legal formalists argue that judges and other public officials should be constrained in their interpretation of legal texts, suggesting that investing the judiciary with the power to say what the law " should " be, rather than confining them to expositing what the law " does " say, violates the separation of powers.
33.
As sociology emerged primarily as a reaction to the negative effects of modernity, many normative theories deal in some sense with emotion without forming a part of any specific subdiscipline : Karl Marx described capitalism as detrimental to personal'species-being', Georg Simmel wrote of the deindividualizing tendencies of'the metropolis', and Max Weber's work dealt with the rationalizing effect of modernity in general.
34.
The concept of collective representation can be found in various normative theory and scientific works, but Weissberg ( 1978, 535 ) offered the first systematic characterization of it in the scientific literature and for the U . S . Congress, defining such representation as Whether Congress as an institution represents the American people, not whether each member of Congress represented his or her particular district . Hurley ( 1982 ) elaborated and qualified Weissberg s explication of how such representation should be assessed and how it relates to dyadic representation.
