An observed value of 81 would use the tick mark above 81 in range E, and curved scale E would be used for the expected value.
32.
In the above equations " x " is a realization & mdash; an observed value that actually occurred & mdash; of a random process " X ".
33.
While this picture is consistent with the global observational synthesis of William Schmitz at Woods Hole and with low observed values of diffusion, not all observational syntheses agree.
34.
Where \ widehat { x } ( n ) is the predicted signal value, x ( n-i ) the previous observed values, and a _ i the predictor coefficients.
35.
For example, an observed value of 9 would use the tick mark above the 9 in range A, and curved scale A would be used for the expected value.
36.
However, the observed values are A = 14 km s " 1 kpc " 1 and B =-12 km s " 1 kpc " 1.
37.
When the data come from a normally distributed population, then binning and using the midpoint of the bin as the observed value results in an overestimate of the variance.
38.
The sign of the deviation ( positive or negative ), reports the direction of that difference ( the deviation is positive when the observed value exceeds the reference value ).
39.
More generally, the grade of an observation is proportional to an estimate of the fraction of a population less than a given value, with the half-observation adjustment at observed values.
40.
The reason for this is that the eigenstates ( or state of the system corresponding to an observed value ) of the position operator are not eigenstates of the momentum operator.
