Under U . S . military and FAA common usage, for air traffic control and separation purposes, a " flight " of aircraft is simply two or more aircraft intentionally operating in close proximity to each other under a designated " flight leader " without regard to military organizational hierarchy.
32.
:" Alliances represent yet another shift in the organization of economic transactions from organizational hierarchies to networks; from mass to flexible production; from large, vertically integrated organizations to disintegration and horizontal networks of economic units; from " Fordist " to " post-Fordist " companies ."
33.
Other problems with this form of communication can happen between multinational corporations . " Horizontal communication between subsidiaries of the same multinational corporation ( MNC ) is a problem faced by staff as the demands for communicating across borders are pushed downwards in the organizational hierarchy . " ( Mirjaliisa and Marschan-Piekkari 9 ).
34.
According to research done by John E . Spillan, Mary Mino, and M . Susan Rowles, " lateral communication involves not only the movement of information from the upper levels to the lower levels of the organizational hierarchy but also is defined primarily as the quality of information sharing among peers at similar levels ( McClelland and Wilmont, 1990 ).
35.
Given the discriminator PARTY TYPE ( which could be individual, partnership, C Corporation, Sub Chapter S Association, Association, Governmental Unit, Quasi-governmental agency ) the two subtype entities are PERSON, which contains individual-specific information such as first and last name and date of birth, and ORGANIZATION, which would contain such attributes as the legal name, and organizational hierarchies such as cost centers.
36.
They found that respondents that support regulation ( 46 % ) ('comply with Kyoto'and'regulation activists') were " significantly more likely to be lower in the organizational hierarchy, younger, female, and working in government ", while those that oppose regulation ('nature is overwhelming'and'economic responsibility') were " significantly more likely to be more senior in their organizations, male, older, geoscientists, and work in the oil and gas industry ".
37.
McCambridge said that " the power of important strategic decisions " now rests " between funders and the top of the organizational hierarchy " and is " not shared with volunteer editors . " James Heilman, who was dismissed from the WMF's Board of Trustees in late 2015, said that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency of the Knight Foundation grant documentation and its financing, and suggested that his push for transparency concerning the grant had been a factor in his dismissal a suggestion Jimmy Wales rejected as " utter fucking bullshit ".