According to Michael Phelan, Padraig Wright, and Julian Stern ( 2000 ), paranoia and paraphrenia are debated entities that were detached from dementia praecox by Kraepelin, who explained paranoia as a continuous systematized delusion arising much later in life with no presence of either hallucinations or a deteriorating course, paraphrenia as an identical syndrome to paranoia but with hallucinations.
32.
It is suggested that individuals who develop paraphrenia later in life have premorbid personalities, and can be described as quarrelsome, religious, suspicious or sensitive, unsociable and cold-hearted . Many patients were also described as being solitary, eccentric, isolated and difficult individuals; these characteristics were also long-standing rather than introduced by the disorder.
33.
While the diagnosis of paraphrenia is not currently included in the DSM-IV or the ICD-10, many studies have recognized the condition as " a viable diagnostic entity that is distinct from schizophrenia, with organic factors playing a role in a significant portion of patients . " As such, paraphrenia is seen as being distinct from both schizophrenia and progressive dementia in old age.
34.
While the diagnosis of paraphrenia is not currently included in the DSM-IV or the ICD-10, many studies have recognized the condition as " a viable diagnostic entity that is distinct from schizophrenia, with organic factors playing a role in a significant portion of patients . " As such, paraphrenia is seen as being distinct from both schizophrenia and progressive dementia in old age.
35.
The term was also used by Sigmund Freud for a short time starting in 1911 as an alternative to the terms schizophrenia and dementia praecox, which in his estimation did not correctly identify the underlying condition, and by Emil Kraepelin in 1913, who changed its meaning to describe paraphrenia as it is understood today, as a small group of individuals that have many of the symptoms of schizophrenia with a lack of deterioration and thought disorder.
36.
This is both for the diagnosis of individual patients ( to see whether the patient's experience fits any pre-existing classification ), or for the creation of diagnostic systems ( such as the " Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders " or " International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems " ) which define which signs and symptoms should make up a diagnosis, and how experiences and behaviours should be grouped in particular diagnoses ( e . g . clinical depression, paraphrenia, paranoia, schizophrenia ).
