It was not until 2011 that a link between severe pain, neuroinflammation and alarm pheromones release in rats was found : real time RT-PCR analysis of rat brain tissues indicated that shocking the footpad of a rat increased its production of proinflammatory cytokines in deep brain structures, namely of IL-1?, heteronuclear Corticotropin-releasing hormone and c-fos mRNA expressions in both the paraventricular nucleus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and it increased stress hormone levels in plasma ( corticosterone ).
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Using a ?-galactosidase ( ?-gal ) reporter gene inserted into the phosphatase domain of the murine PTPkappa ( PTPRK ) gene, Shen and colleagues determined the detailed expression pattern of endogenous PTPRK . ?-gal activity was observed in many areas of the adult forebrain, including layers II and IV, and to a lesser extent in layer VI of the cortex . ?-gal activity was also observed in apical dendrites of cortical pyramidal cells, the granule layer of the olfactory and accessory olfactory bulbs, the anterior hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and in granule and pyramidal layers of the dentate gyrus and CA 1-3 regions of the hippocampus.
