This technique has progressed clinically ( often now called BioZ, i . e . biologic impedance, as promoted by the leading manufacturer in the US ) and allows low cost, non-invasive estimations of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance, using only 4 skin electrodes, oscillometric blood pressure measurement and lung water volumes with minimal removal of clothing in physician offices having the needed equipment.
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Blood Pressure ( BP ) is determined by cardiac output ( CO ) and total peripheral resistance ( TPR ), as represented by the formula BP = CO x TPR . Cardiac output ( CO ) is affected by two factors, the heart rate ( HR ) and the stroke volume ( SV ), the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat ( CO = HR x SV, therefore BP = HR x SV x TPR ).
