In controlled environment studies, the optimum average daily temperature for leave growth for " E . novogranatense " var . " novogranatense " was found to be around, whereas leaf growth was generally higher at photosynthetic photon flux densities ( PPFD ) of 250 or 400 micromol per meter square per second than at 155 micromol per meter square per second.
32.
Here F * is the " ionizing photon flux incident on the outside of the flow ", ? is the " initial velocity of the flow ", ? is the " recombination coefficient ", n 0 is the " peak ionized density in the flow ", and h, which is approximately 0.1 r 0, is the " effective thickness of the flow ".
33.
DLI is usually calculated by measuring the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ( PPFD ) in ?mol�m " 2 �s " 1 ( number of photons in the PAR range received in a square meter per second ) as it changes throughout the day, and then using that to calculate total estimated number of photons in the PAR range received over a 24-hour period for a specific area.
34.
Image sensor noise can be compared across formats for a given fixed photon flux per pixel area ( the " P " in the formulas ); this analysis is useful for a fixed number of pixels with pixel area proportional to sensor area, and fixed absolute aperture diameter for a fixed imaging situation in terms of depth of field, diffraction limit at the subject, etc . Or it can be compared for a fixed focal-plane illuminance, corresponding to a fixed f-number, in which case " P " is proportional to pixel area, independent of sensor area.
