The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.
32.
In the mid-1950s, Richard Goldschmidt and Ernst Hadorn, through separate individual research, reinforced the faultiness of " genuine " pleiotropy.
33.
In the context of development the difference between pleiotropy and epistasis is not so clear but at the genetic level the distinction is more clear.
34.
The view is compatible with aspects of the antagonistic pleiotropy and the disposable soma theory, but offers additional mechanisms rooted in complex systems theory.
35.
Sickle cell anemia, Beta-thalassemia, and cystic fibrosis are some other examples of the role antagonistic pleiotropy may play in genetic disorders.
36.
They also propose the idea that pleiotropy increases the phenotypic variation of both traits since a single mutation on a gene would have twice the effect.
37.
Through subsequent research, it has been established that Gruneberg's definition of " spurious " pleiotropy is what we identify simply as " pleiotropy ".
38.
Through subsequent research, it has been established that Gruneberg's definition of " spurious " pleiotropy is what we identify simply as " pleiotropy ".
39.
With pleiotropy, some genes control multiple traits, so that adaptation of one trait is impeded by effects on other traits that are not necessarily adaptive.
40.
The different types are used to help categorize the different types of pleiotropy that can occur, but they are not exclusive to one another since the different types do overlap.
