The " Carta Pisana " portolan chart, made at the end of the 13th century ( 1275 1300 ), is the oldest surviving nautical chart.
32.
The copious number of Italian Portolan charts begins in mid-s . XIII, with the oldest called Carta Pisana, which is kept in the National Library in Paris.
33.
Italian portolan charts were sparse and restrained, strictly focused on coastal detail, with the inland areas left largely or wholly empty, and the charts largely bereft of illustrations.
34.
In the first book ( 1521 ), this section has a total of 132 portolan charts, while the second book ( 1525 ) has a total of 210 portolan charts.
35.
In the first book ( 1521 ), this section has a total of 132 portolan charts, while the second book ( 1525 ) has a total of 210 portolan charts.
36.
The portolan chart of Giovanni da Carignano ( 1310s-20s ) has the river with the label, " iste fluuis exit de nilo ubi multum aurum repperitur ".
37.
Portolan charts also colour-coded the compass winds : black for the eight principal winds, green for the eight half-winds and red for the sixteen quarter-winds.
38.
Among its novel features, Beccario depicts the winds and the Pole star on colored round disks on the edge of the map, a custom later widely adopted in portolan charts.
39.
It also depicts a large fraction of the Old World, according to the style of medieval portolan charts and including news of the arrival of Vasco de Gama to India in 1498.
40.
Not all maps designating information that would be most beneficial to Iberian empires were being produced in Portugal or Spain, and the same applied to the information utilized by the Portolan charts.
