There is explicit contemporary testimony that the army of Juba I of Numidia included turreted elephants in 46 BC . This is confirmed by the image of a turreted African elephant used on the coinage of Juba II . This also appears to be the case with Ptolemaic armies : Polybius reports that at the battle of Raphia in 217 BC the elephants of Ptolemy IV carried turrets; these beasts were significantly smaller than the Asian elephants fielded by the Seleucids and so presumably African forest elephants.
32.
In 1881, Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria wrote : " Fragments of gray granite pillars, still standing, are here to be met with about the road, the fields, and the sand, and we saw one lying on the ground half buried . . . The pillars are the remains of an ancient temple, Raphia, and are of special importance in the eyes of the Arabs, who call them Rafah, as they mark the boundary between Egypt and Syria ."
33.
Gorman claimed that Spirit Cave included remains of Prunus ( almond ), Terminalia, Areca ( betel ), Vicia ( broadbean ) or Phaseolus, Pisum ( pea ) or Raphia Lagenaria ( bottle gourd ), Trapa ( Chinese water chestnut ), Piper ( pepper ), Madhuca ( butternut ), Canarium, Aleurites ( candle nut ), and Cucumis ( a cucumber type ) in layers dating to c . 9800-8500 BCE . None of the recovered specimens differed from their wild phenotypes.
34.
31 Baclaran ( Ipe Perez ), Sampaloc ( Derek Constantino ), Taytay ( JV Villanueva, Aga Francisco, Dan ), Makati ( Ishak Binudin, Catherine Binudin, Liza Nakpil, Karina Santillan, Gemma Suzara, Ana, Paul, Willa Tecson ), Mandaluyong ( Osberto Santillan ), Mu�oz-Quezon City ( Fortune Bucud ), Teachers Village ( Carlo Maglinao, Carla Cantara ), San Francisco del Monte-Quezon City ( Carmen Cabling, Florencio Hubo ), UP ( Jun Custodio, Bogs, Bart Rodriguez ), Iligan City ( Raphia Maglinao ).
35.
The pendant inflorescences are massive and some 3 m in length, bearing unisexual flowers-male flowers at the distal end, female flowers at proximal-with first order branches of 13-32 rachillae very close-packed in almost one plane ( see illustration ) . " Raphia " spp are monocarpic or hapaxanthic, flowering and fruiting only once, followed by death . " Raphia farinifera " flowers when the tree is some 20-25 years old, and it takes a further 5 6 years from flowering to ripe fruit, all fruits ripening together.
36.
The pendant inflorescences are massive and some 3 m in length, bearing unisexual flowers-male flowers at the distal end, female flowers at proximal-with first order branches of 13-32 rachillae very close-packed in almost one plane ( see illustration ) . " Raphia " spp are monocarpic or hapaxanthic, flowering and fruiting only once, followed by death . " Raphia farinifera " flowers when the tree is some 20-25 years old, and it takes a further 5 6 years from flowering to ripe fruit, all fruits ripening together.
37.
The dense forests of West Africa contain, in addition to a great variety of hardwoods, two palms, " Elaeis guineensis " ( oil palm ) and " Raphia vinifera " ( bamboo palm ), not found, generally speaking, in the savanna regions . " Bombax " or silk-cotton trees attain gigantic proportions in the forests, which are the home of the India rubber-producing plants and of many valuable kinds of timber trees, such as odum ( " Chlorophora excelsa " ), ebony, mahogany ( " Khaya senegalensis " ), Oldfieldia ( " Oldfieldia africana " ) and camwood ( " Baphia nitida " ).
