According to Patrice Morlat, " 545 tirailleurs and warrant officers were the object of sanctions : 164 were transferred into disciplinary companies in Tonkin, 94 to Africa . . ., 57 were handed over to the civilian jurisdiction, and 160 were reduced to the ranks and put on leave without pay . " Such remedial actions demonstrated the level of infiltration of the army, and clearly showed that the predominant culpability for the mutiny was seen to be placed squarely on the Vietnamese.