Physical properties of refractory metals, such as molybdenum, tantalum and tungsten, their strength, and high-temperature stability make them suitable material for hot metalworking applications and for vacuum furnace technology.
32.
Melting temperatures of some refractory metals have thus been measured by observing the radiation from a black body cavity in solid metal specimens that were much longer than they were wide.
33.
In 1994, a group of former employees at the site formed Pittsburgh Materials Technology Inc . ( PMTI ) to build upon the capabilities developed by Westinghouse, including advanced refractory metal alloys.
34.
In metals, the starting of creep correlates with the melting point of the material; the creep in aluminium alloys starts at 200 �C, while for refractory metals temperatures above 1500 �C are necessary.
35.
Induction heating is used in many industrial processes, such as heat treatment in metallurgy, Czochralski crystal growth and zone refining used in the semiconductor industry, and to melt refractory metals which require very high temperatures.
36.
While falling through the atmosphere an opaque heat shield made from a refractory metal would protect the window at the front of the craft . This heat shield would then be jettisoned after aerobraking so the pilot could see, and safely land.
37.
While boron carbide is the most popular material for fast breeder reactors due to its lack of expense, extreme hardness comparable to diamond, and high cross-section, it completely disintegrates after a 5 % burnup and is reactive when in contact with refractory metals.
38.
Hafnium diboride also suffers from high susceptibility to material degradation with boron transmutation, but its high melting point of 3380 �C and the large thermal neutron capture cross section of hafnium of 113 barns and low reactivity with refractory metals such as tungsten makes it an attractive control rod material when clad with a refractory metal.
39.
Hafnium diboride also suffers from high susceptibility to material degradation with boron transmutation, but its high melting point of 3380 �C and the large thermal neutron capture cross section of hafnium of 113 barns and low reactivity with refractory metals such as tungsten makes it an attractive control rod material when clad with a refractory metal.
