CT angiography is also highly accurate in evaluation vertebrobasilar vessels, but ionizing radiation and use of nephrotoxic contrast media make it less suitable both in elderly with renal insufficiency and young adults because of radiation exposure.
32.
The first report of nephrotoxicity appeared in 1964, when Paddock and colleagues reported three cases of acute renal insufficiency, two of whom were found to have calcium oxalate crystals in the renal tubules at autopsy.
33.
Because of its sodium content, intravenous sodium bicarbonate should be used with great care, if at all, in patients with congestive heart failure and severe renal insufficiency, where low sodium intake is strongly indicated to prevent sodium retention.
34.
Hence, an older woman with a serum creatinine of 1.4 mg / dL may actually have a moderately severe degree of renal insufficiency, whereas a young muscular male can have a normal level of renal function at this serum creatinine level.
35.
They often have very low muscle mass and a much lower creatinine excretion rate than predicted by the equations below, such that a cirrhotic patient with a serum creatinine of 0.9 mg / dL may have a moderately severe degree of renal insufficiency.
36.
In mild renal impairment, no change needs to be made in dosing any of the other drugs routinely used in the treatment of TB . In severe renal insufficiency ( GFR < 30 ), the EMB dose should be halved ( or avoided altogether ).
37.
Each imaging modality has its advantages and disadvantages-Magnetic resonance angiography and CT angiography with contrast is contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency, catheter angioigraphy has a 0.5 % to 1.0 % risk of stroke, MI, arterial injury or retoperitoneal bleeding.
38.
This particular type of renal insufficiency was characterized by vasopressin-resistant high-output renal failure ( production of large volumes of poorly concentrated urine ) with a negative fluid balance, pronounced weight loss, elevation of serum sodium, chloride, osmolality and blood urea nitrogen.
39.
"' Kidney failure "', also known as "'renal failure "'or "'renal insufficiency "', is a medical condition of impaired kidney function in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter metabolic wastes from the blood.
40.
Regardless, linezolid's advantages include its high bioavailability ( because it allows easy switching to oral therapy ), and the fact that poor kidney function is not an obstacle to use ( whereas achieving the correct dosage of vancomycin in patients with renal insufficiency is very difficult ).
