In a recent letter to the Navy, Balcomb used calculations by the Navy's own physicists to show that both low and middle frequencies can create resonance effects in whales'air cavities.
32.
Part of the output signal is usually fed back to the input ( a're-circulating delay line'), producing a resonance effect which further enhances the intensity of the peaks and troughs.
33.
In their 1959 publication, Yukawa and Tsuno attributed observed deviations from Hammett Plot linearity in electrophilic reactions to additional resonance effects occurring through the pi bonds of substituent groups in their compounds.
34.
Therefore, the effects of substituents on an array of compounds must be studied on an individual reaction basis using the equation Hammett derived either for field or resonance effects, but not both.
35.
However, when r > 0, the reaction in question is " more " sensitive to resonance effects than the standard, and when r, the reaction is " less " sensitive to such effects.
36.
In order to quantify the " extent " of the observed enhanced resonance effects, Yukawa and Tsuno introduced an enhanced resonance parameter,, that quantifies the " demand for resonance " at the reactive center.
37.
To correlate these deviations from linearity, Yasuhide Yukawa and Yuho Tsuno proposed a modification to the original Hammett Equation which accounts exclusively for enhanced resonance effects due to the high electron demand during such reactions.
38.
When other reactions were studied using these parameters, a correlation was not always found due to the specific derivation of these parameters from the dissociation equilibrium of substituted benzoic acids and the original negligence of resonance effects.
39.
Because of the very short echo times ( e . g ., 1 to 2 milliseconds ), the method does not suffer from off-resonance effects, so that the images neither exhibit susceptibility artifacts nor rely on fat suppression.
40.
Coupling is much too complex for such a blanket statement instead it should be the shorter the better, in general . ( There can be exceptions, such as resonance effects, which depend on line lengths .)
