| 31. | The sapwood of all timber species should be considered to be non-durable without preservative treatment.
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| 32. | Southern magnolia has yellowish-white sapwood and light to dark brown heartwood tinted yellow or green.
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| 33. | The bark hack is swung much like an axe and is used to create a hatched sapwood.
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| 34. | Occasionally it contains pale streaks of a similar colour to the sapwood, as in the picture.
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| 35. | The underlying sapwood, which has been killed and colonized by the pathogen, is rarely discolored.
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| 36. | The sapwood is light yellow, while the heartwood is chestnut brown with patches of dark violet.
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| 37. | Its wood is extremely heavy with intercrossed grains; the sapwood is white, and heartwood brown.
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| 38. | The wood is hard and heavy, with well-marked differences between sapwood and heartwood timber.
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| 39. | Young larvae chew their way along the grain of sapwood but older larvae may tunnel across the grain.
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| 40. | These toxins reduce the conductance of sapwood being built, which causes water stress and kills the trees.
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