Ecological secondary succession occurs in four distinct phases : First, rapid colonization of cleared land by species such as herbs, shrubs, and climbers as well as seedlings from pioneer tree species occurs and this can last up to three years.
32.
Paper birch is adapted to ecosystems where fires occur every 50 150 years As it is a pioneer species, finding paper birch within mature or climax forests is rare as it will be overcome by the more shade tolerant trees as secondary succession progresses.
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This study, Understory birds and dynamic habitat mosaics in Amazonian rainforests by Richard Bierregaard and Philip C . Stouffer is a long term experiment studying birds in a dynamic system of small forests remnants surrounded by pasture or abandoned pasture undergoing secondary succession.
