The most common tumor developing in an undescended testis is a seminoma ( 65 % ); in contrast, after orchiopexy, seminomas represent only 30 % of testis tumors.
32.
Interestingly, unlike most other cancers, which feature upregulated CLU levels to enhance tumor cell survival, testicular seminoma features downregulated CLU levels, allowing for increased sensitivity to chemotherapy treatments.
33.
However, the requirements of a surveillance program differ according to the type of disease since, for seminoma patients, relapses can occur later and blood tests are not as good at indicating relapse.
34.
Activating mutations in this gene are associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, testicular seminoma, mast cell disease, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, while inactivating mutations are associated with the genetic defect piebaldism.
35.
For Stage II cancers _ those that have spread to the lymph nodes _ chemotherapy is the usual option, though radiation is used if the cancer is a seminoma and only a few nodes are affected.
36.
A tumor of the identical histology but not occurring in the ovary may be described by an alternate name : seminoma in the testis or germinoma in the central nervous system or other parts of the body.
37.
The new WHO classification, due to be published in 2016, will rename the condition "'spermatocytic tumour "'to avoid confusion with classical seminoma as the biology and treatment are different.
38.
If the cancer is a seminoma and there are no signs that it has spread ( Stage I ), the next step is radiation of lymph nodes in the abdomen to reduce the risk of recurrence if the cancer has spread undetected.
39.
There are a few cancers with'benign-sounding'names which have been retained for historical reasons, including melanoma ( a cancer of pigmented skin cells, or melanocytes ) and seminoma ( a cancer of male reproductive cells ).
40.
For patients treated for stage I seminoma who choose surveillance rather than undergoing adjuvant therapy, there have been no randomized trials to determine the optimum frequency of scans and visits, and the schedules vary very widely across the world, and within individual countries.
