Her work makes clear that for medieval readers the act of reading itself had an oral phase in which the text was read aloud or sub-vocalized ( silent reading was a less common variant, and appears to have been the exception rather than the rule ), then meditated upon and'digested'hence making it one's own.
32.
During a silent reading task, participants were presented with stimuli which included both literal and metaphorical arm-related action verbs, e . g . Mary caught the fish versus Mary caught the sun , and also literal and metaphorical leg-related action verbs, e . g . Pablo jumped on the armchair versus Pablo jumped on the bandwagon .
33.
Assessments that measure reading subskills include the Gray Oral Reading Test IV Fourth Edition ( GORT IV ), Gray Silent Reading Test, Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing ( CTOPP ), Tests of Oral Reading and Comprehension Skills ( TORCS ), Test of Reading Comprehension 3 ( TORC-3 ), Test of Word Reading Efficiency ( TOWRE ), and the Test of Reading Fluency.
34.
The latter is more successful simply because he tells us stories _ those of St . Augustine's discovery of silent reading, of a royal edict that forced every ship passing through ancient Alexandria to surrender any books it carried so they could be copied for the city's library, of African slaves who risked torture to learn to read or of book burnings through the centuries.
