A 2005 study of 10 residential areas in Ahmedabad city found that Bopal has the highest SC ( Specific Conductivity ), Fluoride content and Chloride content in ground water, making it necessary for most of the dwellers to use Reverse Osmosis purified water.
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An improved design cell was developed to determine sedimentation potential, specific conductivity, volume fraction of the solids as well as pH . Two pairs of electrodes are used in this set up, one to measure potential difference and the other for resistance.
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On most of the Greenland ice sheet, however, the annual accumulation rate is considerably higher than 0.2 m ice a " 1, and the delta method therefore works thousands of years backwards in time, the only limitation being obliteration of the annual delta cycles by diffusion of the water molecule in the solid ice . . . . Delta refers to the changing proportion of oxygen-18 in the different seasonal layers . The main reason for the seasonal delta variations is that, on its travel to the polar regions, a precipitating air mass is generally cooled more in winter than in summer . . . . volcanic acids in snow layers deposited shortly after a large volcanic eruption can be detected as elevated specific conductivities measured on melted ice samples8, or as elevated acidities revealed by an electric current through the solid ice . . .
