Present and future tenses also exist for such a mood in the above-mentioned languages, but, with the exception of the Albanian " true nonconfirmative present " illustrated above, these " nonconfirmatives, ( from perfects ), always have a past reference to either a real or a putative narrated event, speech event, or state of mind.
32.
He argued that Austin had missed the fact that any speech event is framed by a " structure of absence " ( the words that are left unsaid due to contextual constraints ) and by " iterability " ( the constraints on what can be said, given by what has been said in the past ).
33.
Hymes termed this approach " the ethnography of speaking . " The SPEAKING acronym, described below, was presented as a lighthearted heuristic to aid fieldworkers in their attempt to document and analyze instances of language in use, which he termed " speech events . " Embedded in the acronym is an application and extension of Jakobson's arguments concerning the multifunctionality of language.
34.
This ability to refer to events that are not at the same time or place as the speech event is called " displacement ", and while some animal communication systems can use displacement ( such as the communication of bees that can communicate the location of sources of nectar that are out of sight ), the degree to which it is used in human language is also considered unique.
