Aside from this established research, advocates of the spinor field or torsion field theories claim that spin-spin interaction itself a well-studied quantum phenomenon can be transmitted through space similar to electromagnetic waves, does not carry mass or energy but only information, and does so at speeds of up to a billion times the speed of light.
32.
However, for " massless " particles of spin " s ", there are only ever two-component spinor fields; one is for the particle in one helicity state corresponding to + " s " and the other for the antiparticle in the opposite helicity state corresponding to " " s ":
33.
To gain a better understanding of the long-debated concept of Lie derivative of spinor fields one may refer to the original article, where the definition of a Lie derivative of spinor fields is placed in the more general framework of the theory of Lie derivatives of sections of fiber bundles and the direct approach by Y . Kosmann to the spinor case is generalized to gauge natural bundles in the form of a new geometric concept called the Kosmann lift.
34.
To gain a better understanding of the long-debated concept of Lie derivative of spinor fields one may refer to the original article, where the definition of a Lie derivative of spinor fields is placed in the more general framework of the theory of Lie derivatives of sections of fiber bundles and the direct approach by Y . Kosmann to the spinor case is generalized to gauge natural bundles in the form of a new geometric concept called the Kosmann lift.
35.
The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, as well as classifying all the matter particles known, i . e . scalar fields ( in particular the charged Higgs field of the Standard Model ) and spinor fields describing fermionic matter, the most familiar examples of fermionic matter being electrons and up quark and down quarks ( the up and down quarks are from which which protons and neutrons are comprised ).
