| 31. | In bryophytes, the sporophyte is a simple unbranched structure with a single spore-forming organ ( sporangium ).
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| 32. | These ferns are called " leptosporangiate " because their annulus around the sporangium, which ejects the spores.
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| 33. | To release its spores, a sporangium split into two'valves'along a thickened margin at the top.
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| 34. | Unlike other members of the Mucorales, " Cunninghamella " species produce only one spore in each sporangium.
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| 35. | In meiotic sporogenesis, a diploid spore mother cell within the sporangium undergoes meiosis, producing a tetrad of haploid spores.
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| 36. | This releases cytoplasm, which is used to glue the upper portion of the swelling containing the sporangium to the substrate.
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| 37. | As in all the tree ferns, the ring is oblique and complete, not interrupted by the foot of the sporangium.
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| 38. | At maturity the sporangium is topped by a flattish disk ( an operculum ) and releases its spores when this breaks up.
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| 39. | Two hyphae of different mating type encounter each other, and their tips undergo a haploid nuclei like those in the vegetative sporangium.
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| 40. | Ferns typically produce large diploid sporophytes with rhizomes, roots and leaves; and on fertile leaves called sporangium, spores are produced.
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