| 31. | However, during exercise, cardiac output remains the same due to a compensatory mechanism that increases stroke volume.
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| 32. | From this formula, it is clear the factors affecting stroke volume and heart rate also affect cardiac output.
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| 33. | Further, the mathematical analysis of CNAP pulse waves enables the noninvasive estimation of stroke volume and cardiac output.
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| 34. | This ratio allows many variables such as stroke volume ( SV ) and Cardiac Output ( CO ).
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| 35. | If heart increases and stroke volume remains constant, cardiac output will increase and so will mean arterial pressure.
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| 36. | Changes in the CO can be determined by Heart rate ( HR ) and Stroke Volume ( SV ).
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| 37. | The reduction in the Windkessel effect results in increased pulse pressure and elevated systolic pressure for a given stroke volume.
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| 38. | The strength of ventricular contraction is attenuated and inadequate for creating an adequate stroke volume, resulting in inadequate cardiac output.
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| 39. | Thus, labetalol is able to reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by the increase in stroke volume.
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| 40. | This increased pressure fills the ventricle to a greater extent, but stroke volume decreases due to an increase in afterload.
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