The radiate ligament is in relation, in front, with the thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, the pleura, and, on the right side, with the azygos vein; behind, with the interarticular ligament and synovial membranes.
32.
Its smooth muscle is innervated by involuntary nerves ( sympathetic nerves via the sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic nerves via the vagus nerve ) and in addition voluntary nerves ( lower motor neurons ) which are carried in the vagus nerve to innervate its striated muscle.
33.
SGP-T, an isolate of the submandibular gland, demonstrated its immunoregulatory properties and potential role in modulating the cervical sympathetic trunk-submandibular gland ( CST-SMG ) axis, and subsequently was shown to play an important role in the control of inflammation.
34.
The only cardiac nerves which do not enter into the formation of the deep part of the cardiac plexus are the superior cardiac nerve of the left sympathetic trunk, and the lower of the two superior cervical cardiac branches from the left vagus nerve, which pass to the superficial part of the plexus.
35.
In front of the sheath are a few descending filaments from the ansa cervicalis; behind the sheath are the inferior thyroid artery, the recurrent nerve, and the sympathetic trunk; and on its medial side, the esophagus, the trachea, the thyroid gland, and the lower part of the larynx.
36.
Slightly myelinated preganglionic fibers ( aka visceral efferent fibers ) leave the lateral grey column through the ventral roots and promptly form fourteen aggregates called white rami communicantes, also known as white communicating rami, which eventually enter the sympathetic trunk, a structure next to the vertebral column that consists of paired chains of sympathetic ganglia connected by nerve fibers.
37.
It is in relation, behind, with the longus capitis, the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, and the superior laryngeal nerve; laterally, with the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve, the nerve lying on a plane posterior to the artery; medially, with the pharynx, superior laryngeal nerve, and ascending pharyngeal artery.
38.
The first and second lumbar veins usually join the ascending lumbar vein rather than the inferior vena cava, which then joins the subcostal vein of the same side to form the azygous vein on the right or hemiazygous vein on the left . The third and fourth lumbar veins on the left pass behind the abdominal aorta to reach the inferior vena cava and " all " lie behind the sympathetic trunks.
