Beyond indulging a natural tendency to press against a vaguely defined constitutional boundary, recent presidents have invoked practical arguments for bypassing Congress, like the need for speedy response or tactical surprise.
32.
"To the degree that you can have strategic and, especially, tactical surprise in any military operation, that is important, " said another senior Defense Department official.
33.
But, and this was later the deciding factor, the Birmabright craft was so noisy that it meant sacrificing tactical surprise, while it was impossible to mount armour on its sides.
34.
For the LCA flotilla, tactical surprise seemed possible, as it was highly improbable that the enemy would be obliging enough to assist the Royal Navy with such a brilliant navigational aid.
35.
Few attacks were made on the Arawe area, however, as the Allies hoped to achieve tactical surprise for the landing and did not want to alert the Japanese to their intentions.
36.
On 1 July the Anglo-French bombardment on the right flank of the Fourth Army had been highly effective, due to good observation over the German positions and had achieved tactical surprise.
37.
Hitler's demand for surprise referred not to an unpredictable new strategy but to a shortened approach and concentration phase, so that a tactical surprise could be gained before the enemy could react.
38.
One of the artillery officers noted that the Russians achieved complete tactical surprise : " I ordered my dinner prepared when my aide came shouting'Lieutenant Sir, the Reds are in the city.
39.
Even though tracked by radar and with three U . S . pursuit squadrons in the air, when Japanese bombers of the 11th KMkkkantai attacked Clark Field at 12 : 40 pm, they achieved tactical surprise.
40.
The V Corps bombardment was intended to create tactical surprise, by the heavy artillery firing on the German front line thirty minutes before dawn each morning, for an hour of intense fire joined by the field artillery.
