A conventional X-ray tube for mammography consumes 4.5-6 kilowatts, and calls for a Coolidge tube with a rotational anode in order to spread the thermal load from a single spot to the edge area of a spinning anode disc.
32.
One type of xenon arc lamp ( originally called the " Cermax " ), which is now known generically as the " ceramic body xenon lamp ", uses sapphire crystal output windows that tolerate higher thermal loads and thus higher output powers when compared with conventional Xe lamps with pure silica window.
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Combining these two orders of magnitude gains, the thermal load of 6.5 kilowatts reduces to a load below 100 watts, which can easily be managed in a stationary anode with a sharp focal spot well below 100 �m without active cooling, or at 40-50 �m with active air cooling to the tube anode.
34.
Fusible plugs are common in aircraft wheels, typically in larger or high-performance aircraft . The very large thermal loads imposed by abnormal landing and braking conditions ( and RTO notably ) can cause already high pressure in the tyres to rise to the point that the tyre might burst, so fusible plugs are used as a relief mechanism.
35.
The end-point of a given overclock is determined by parameters such as available CPU multipliers, bus dividers, voltages; the user's ability to manage thermal loads, cooling techniques; and several other factors of the individual devices themselves ( which the user cannot control, just " luck of the draw " if a part is a " good clocker " or not ) such as semiconductor clock and thermal tolerances, interaction with other components and the rest of the system.
36.
In addition to the overall scientific coordinating responsibilities, he developed many of the approaches and algorithms related to the mission : his innovation, insight and mathematical rigour impacted the optical and focal plane design, the instrument calibration, the scanning law, the attitude determination ( and the associated ` dynamical smoothing'), the double star analysis ( as observed via a signal modulated by a grid ), the effects of chromaticity and thermal load fluctuations, the optimum combination of the NDAC and FAST catalogue solutions, and the link to an extragalactic reference frame.
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The transmission target emission angle whose total X-ray fluence, mostly in line-emission, could be 250 times that of the Coolidge tube with kVp reaching 100kV . Most importantly, by making use of a greatly enhanced X-ray generating efficiency, the thermal load of a medical imaging unit such as mammography operating at 100kV without a spectrum shift, can be reduced from 6 kW to under 100 Watts, for example, thus providing the X-ray tube to deliver a sharper focal spot with much improved line-pair formation in the imager.
